WORKS OF HESIOD AND THE HOMERIC HYMNS

WORKS AND DAYS THEOGONY THE HOMERIC HYMNS THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND THE MICEBy DARYL HINE

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

Copyright © 2005 The University of Chicago
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-226-32966-6

Contents

INTRODUCTION.............................................1HESIOD'S WORKSWorks and Days...........................................23Theogony.................................................53THE HOMERIC HYMNS........................................95THE BATTLE OF THE FROGS AND THE MICE.....................197INDEX....................................................209

Chapter One

WORKS AND DAYS

Come, you Pierian Muses, who give us the glory of music, 1 Tell me of Zeus, your progenitor, make praise-songs in his honor; Through him, moreover, are humankind undistinguished or famous, They are sung or unsung by the will of omnipotent great Zeus. Easily making a man strong, easily he overthrows him, 5 Easily humbles the proud as he lifts up high the obscure, and Easily straightens the crooked as well as deflating the puffed-up- Zeus, who is deathless and thunders aloft and dwells in the highest. Listen to me and behold, make straight your decisions with justice. I would be happy to speak true facts to you, Perses, my brother. 10

There is not only one Discord, for on earth she is twofold: One of them nobody would find fault with on closer acquaintance; One you would deprecate, for they have totally different natures. Wickedly, one promotes all the evils of warfare and slaughter; No one of humankind likes her; out of necessity, at the 15 Will of the blessed immortals, they treat grim Discord with honor. There is, moreover, another, the firstborn daughter of dark Night. Her did the high-throned scion of Cronus whose home is in heaven Place at the roots of the earth; she is certainly better for mankind. This is that Discord that stirs up even the helpless to hard work, 20 Seeing a man gets eager to work on beholding a neighbor Who is exceedingly wealthy and makes haste plowing and sowing, Putting his household in order; so neighbor competing with neighbor Runs after riches, and therefore this Discord benefits mankind. 25 Every potter begrudges another, and artists do likewise; Every beggarman envies a beggar, and poets are rivals.

Perses, be sure you deposit these things in your heart and your spirit, Lest Discord, which is given to mischief, distract you from work and You begin sneaking about, eavesdropping on feuds in the forum. 30 You have no business getting in fights and disputing in public, Not if you haven't sufficient for life laid up in your storeroom, Seasonal fruits of the earth, ripe grain of abundant Demeter. When you have plenty of that, turn freely to fierce competition For the possessions of others; no second chance will be yours to 35 Do so. Let us however decide our disputes by means of impartial Judgments, for justice derives from Zeus and is bound to be perfect. When we had split our inheritance, you grabbed most of it, making Off with it, to enhance the repute of our bribe-hungry royal Masters, who love to adjudge such cases as ours in their courtrooms. 40 Idiots! They don't know how much more is the half than the whole, nor What is the use of a diet of mallow and asphodel, Perses?

Plainly the gods keep secret from humankind the means of survival; Otherwise, you in a day could easily do enough work to Last you a whole year long, and without any further exertion. 45 Soon, very soon you would hang up over the fireplace your rudder; Then would be finished the labors of oxen and hard-working donkeys. No, Zeus kept it a secret because in his heart he was angry, Seeing how devious-minded Prometheus once had fooled him; Therefore did almighty Zeus plot sorrows and troubles for mankind.

He hid fire, which, however, then Iapetus's great-hearted son, to 50 Benefit humankind, pilfered from Zeus, the purveyor of counsel, Hid in a hollowed-out stalk to baffle the lover of thunder.

Then cloud-gathering Zeus to Prometheus said in his anger: "Iapetus's brat, since you're so much smarter than anyone else, you're Happy to outwit me, and rejoice in the fire you have stolen- 55 For yourself a calamity, also for men of the future. For I shall give them a bad thing, too, in exchange for this fire, which Heartily all may delight in, embracing a homegrown evil." Speaking, the father of gods and of mankind exploded in laughter. Then he commanded Hephaestus, the world-famed craftsman, as 60 soon as Possible to mix water and earth, and infuse in it human Speech, also strength, and to make it look like a goddess, and give it Likewise a girl-like form that was pretty and lovesome. Athena Would instruct her in handwork and weaving of intricate fabrics; Furthermore, gold Aphrodite should drip charm over her head to Cause heartsore longing, emotional anguish exhausting the body. Zeus gave instructions to Hermes, the sure guide, slayer of Argus, To put in her the heart of a bitch and a devious nature. Then did the famed lame god manufacture at once from the earth a Fair simulacrum of one shy maiden, according to Zeus's will. 70 Next to her skin did the godlike Graces and gracious Persuasion Carefully place gold necklaces; round her adorable head the Hours who are gorgeously coiffed wove garlands of beautiful spring flowers. Hermes, our sure guide, slayer of Argus, contrived in her breast Lies and misleadingly false words joined to a devious nature, 75

At the behest of the deep-voiced thunderer, Zeus; and the herald God of the gods then gave her a voice. And he called her Pandora, Seeing how all who inhabit lofty Olympus had given Something to pretty Pandora, that giant bane to industrious mankind. 80 When he had finished this downright desperate piece of deception, To Epimetheus Zeus then dispatched the slayer of Argus, Famed swift messenger of the immortals, with her as a present. But Epimetheus had forgotten Prometheus's warning, Not to accept anything from Olympian Zeus, but to send it 85 Back where it came from, lest it become a disaster for mortals. Once he'd accepted it, he, possessing the bane, recognized it.

Formerly dwelt on earth all the various tribes of the human Race, on their own and remote from evils and difficult labor And from distressing diseases that bring doom closer to each one. 90 For in misfortune do humans age rapidly, quicker than ever. Using her fingers, the maid pried open the lid of the great jar, Sprinkling its contents; her purpose, to bring sad hardships to mankind. Nothing but Hope stayed there in her stout, irrefrangible dwelling, Under the lip of the jar, inside, and she never would venture 95 Outdoors, having the lid of the vessel itself to prevent her, Willed there by Zeus, who arranges the storm clouds and carries the aegis. Otherwise, myriad miseries flit round miserable mortals; Furthermore, full is the earth of much mischief, the deep sea also. Illnesses visiting humans daily and nightly at all hours 100 All by themselves bring terrible troubles aplenty to mortals Silently, seeing their power of speech was suppressed by all-wise Zeus. There is no way of escaping from Zeus's implacable mind-set.

If you prefer, an alternate story I'll summarize also Well and expertly, and lay it up in your mind and preserve it- Namely, the common origin shared by immortals and mortals. 105 First, the immortals who dwell high up on the top of Olympus Fashioned the firstborn race of articulate men, which was golden, And it is said that they lived when Cronus was ruling in heaven. Godlike, they lived like gods, and their hearts were entirely carefree, Distant strangers to labor and suffering; neither did wretched 110 Age overtake them; instead, their members intact and unchanged, they Took much pleasure in banquets and parties, apart from all evils Till they died as if sleep overcame them. And everything worthwhile Came to their hand, as the grain-growing earth bore fruit without tilling, Plenty of good food crops unbegrudged; so they lived at their pleasure, 115 Peacefully minding their own business, amid numerous good things. Wealthy in flocks were they and beloved of the blessed immortals. After this whole first gold generation was finally buried, Even today they are called pure spirits inhabiting earth and Noble protectors of mankind, warding off evils from mortals, 120 Givers of wealth, which royal prerogative still is their business.

Afterward, those that inhabit Olympus fashioned a second, Silver race, which was very inferior, worse than the first one, For they did neither in growth nor intellect equal the golden. Children were then brought up by their diligent mothers a hundred 125 Years and engaged in sheer infantile child's play there in their own homes. But when maturing at last they came to the measure of manhood They lived only the tiniest time, and moreover they suffered

Much in their folly; they could not keep themselves back from their wicked 130 Violence on one another; nor were they willing to serve the immortals Or make sacrifice using the Blessed Ones' sacrosanct altars, As it is lawful for humans to do and according to custom. Thereupon, Zeus, son of Cronus, suppressed them all in his anger, Seeing they did not worship the gods who inhabit Olympus. 135 And when this generation of silver in turn was interred Under the earth, they were termed blessed spirits although they were mortal, Second in time, yet everywhere honor is also their portion.

Zeus manufactured a new third race of articulate mankind, But this bronze generation in no way equaled the silver, 140 For they were offspring of ash trees, mighty and frightful, and Ares' Noisy employment concerned them and violent deeds. They ate no Bread and appeared tough-minded as adamant, wholly unpolished; All too great was their strength and their hands were invincible, growing Out of their mighty shoulders to hang at the end of their stout limbs. 145 Bronze was their armor and brazen their arms, brass-bound were their dwellings; Bronze were the tools which they worked with, as iron had not been invented. Dying by each other's hands, they went down to the underworld's cold rot, Leaving no names to posterity. Black death took them despite their Physical strength, and they quit altogether the luminous sunlight. 150 But when this bronze generation, however, was finally buried, Zeus, son of Cronus, created a whole new fourth generation Here on the fertile earth who were better and fonder of justice; This was a godlike race of heroical men who were known as Demigods, last generation before our own on the broad earth.

Horrible war with its frightening war cries wholly destroyed them, 155 Some who fought in the kingdom of Cadmus below seven-gated Thebes where they strove in vain with each other for Oedipus's rich flocks, Others transported across the immense deep gulf of the sea on Shipboard to Troy after well-coiffed Helen, the fairest of women. Some of them there death's ending completely enveloped in darkness. 160 Others, however, the son of Cronus decided to grant a Dwelling place far from men at the furthermost ends of the earth, and There they continue to live, their consciousness perfectly carefree, There in the Isles of the Blessed, beside deep-eddying Ocean, Distant from the immortals; and Cronus was king of that kingdom 165 After the father of gods and of men freed him from his bondage; Now from those heroes he gets high honor as is most befitting. Fortunate heroes! Their plowlands are so fertile they yield a Crop more delicious than honey that flourishes three times yearly. Zeus then created a fifth and last generation of mankind 170 Such as to this day also inhabit the bountiful green earth. How I would wish to have never been one of this fifth generation! Whether I'd died in the past or came to be born in the future. Truly of iron is this generation, and never by day will They intermit hard labor and woe; in the night they will also 175 Suffer distress, for the gods will give them unbearable troubles. Nevertheless, there will always be good mixed in with the evil. Zeus will destroy this race of articulate mankind, however, When they have come to exhibit at birth gray hairs at their temples 180 And when fathers will differ from children and children from fathers, Guests with their hosts will differ and comrades will differ with comrades. And no more will a brother, as previously, be beloved. When they grow old, people will show no respect to their elders; Harshly upbraiding them, they use words that are horribly cruel, 185 Wretches who don't acknowledge the face of the gods and who will not Pay back ever the cost of their upbringing to their old parents, Thinking that might means right; and they devastate each other's cities. There will be nothing like gratitude for oath-keepers and just men, Nor for the good man; rather, they'll only respect evildoers, 190 Monsters of violence. Might will be right, all shame will be lost and All inhibition. The wicked will try to ruin the good man, Shamelessly uttering falsehoods, wickedly bearing false witness. Noisy, discordant Envy, malicious, delighting in mischief, Hateful-faced will accompany all us unfortunate humans. 195 Self-respect and upright Indignation will go on their way to Olympus, Quitting the broadly trod earth and concealing their beautiful forms in Mantles of white, preferring the company of the immortals, Wholly abandoning mankind, leaving them sorrow and grievous Pain for the human condition, till there's no ward against evil. 200 Now I shall tell you a fable for kings who have understanding. A hawk spoke to a speckle-necked nightingale cruelly, as he Lifted her up to the clouds while gripping her tight in his talons. Piteously she, transfixed by his crooked claws, was lamenting When the imperious hawk addressed her in arrogant parlance, 205 "Why, little lady, such shrieks? One stronger than you now has got you; Where you are going, I'll take you myself, though you are a songstress, For as I please I'll make you my dinner or give you your freedom. Witless is one who attempts to strive against those who are stronger. When he is stripped of the prize it is injury added to insult." 210 Thus said the fast-flying hawk, that bird with the generous wingspan.

Pay more attention to Justice and curb high-handedness, Perses; Violence ill suits men who are lowly; not even the noble Man can lightly endure it; it weighs on a person who's fallen Into affliction. It's better to take your way on the other Road which conduces to right. For outrage surrenders to justice 215 When they arrive at discrete ends. Fools understand this the hard way. Oath every step of the way keeps up with dishonest misjudgments. There is a tumult when Justice is dragged where men who are venal Hijack her, those who impose false judgments with crooked injustice. Weeping, she visits a city and seeks out haunts of the people, 220 Dimly enveloped in mist, she's bringing misfortune to humans. Those who have driven her out do not behave to her rightly. Others deliver correct just judgments to stranger and fellow Countryman, never transgressing a bit the way of the righteous; Theirs is a stalwart city and flourishing people within it. 225 Peace that cherishes children is over the land, and all-seeing Zeus never ever allots them cruel and terrible warfare. Neither disasters nor famines befall men just in their dealings; At their convivial banquets they eat the fruits of their labors. Earth bears plentiful food for them; plenty of oaks on the mountains 230 Bear on their summit plentiful acorns, and bees in their center. Beautifully woolly their sheep are, fraught with luxuriant fleece. Their Women at term give birth to fine children resembling their fathers. Always they flourish with all good things, but they never on shipboard Venture; the grain-growing plowland provides them produce in plenty. 235

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