Jim Crow in the Asylum: Psychiatry and Civil Rights in the American South

Jim Crow in the Asylum: Psychiatry and Civil Rights in the American South book cover

Jim Crow in the Asylum: Psychiatry and Civil Rights in the American South

Author(s): Kylie M. Smith (Author)

  • Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press
  • Publication Date: January 13, 2026
  • Language: English
  • Print length: 342 pages
  • ISBN-10: 1469689200
  • ISBN-13: 9781469689203

Book Description

There is a complicated history of racism and psychiatric healthcare in the Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. The asylums of the Jim Crow era employed African American men and women; served as places of treatment and care for African Americans with psychiatric illnesses; and, inevitably, were places of social control. Black people who lived and worked in these facilities needed to negotiate complex relationships of racism with their own notions of community, mental health, and healing.

Kylie M. Smith mixes exhaustive archival research, interviews, and policy analysis to offer a comprehensive look at how racism affected Black Southerners with mental illness during the Jim Crow era. Complicated legal, political, and medical changes in the late twentieth century turned mental health services into a battlefield between political ideology and psychiatric treatment approaches, with the fallout having long-term consequences for patient outcomes. Smith argues that patterns of racially motivated abuse and neglect of mentally ill African Americans took shape during this era and continue to the present day. As the mentally ill become increasingly incarcerated,Jim Crow in the Asylum reminds readers that, for many Black Southerners, having a mental illness was—and still is—tantamount to committing a crime.

Editorial Reviews

Review

“A valuable and necessary exploration of a difficult topic, made personal through the letters and other personal accounts found in her painstaking research.”—Mississippi Books Page, Clarion-Ledger/Hattiesburg American

“Smith has done a useful and worthy job. She has diligently searched for ways to amplify the official records and has made creative use of the scraps she has found.”—Society for U.S. Intellectual History

“By intertwining personal testimony, archival correspondence, and statistical analysis, Jim Crow in the Asylum persuasively illustrates that anti-Black racism is not an incidental bias but a foundational element of US psychiatric history. It is an important contribution to the history of medicine and disability studies.”—CHOICE

“This is the best mixture of careful social history with an intellectual and theoretical approach to the history of racism and psychiatry that I have seen. The book will be a model for every historian—a must-read.”—Susan M. Reverby, author of Co-Conspirator for Justice: The Revolutionary Life of Dr. Alan Berkman

“In clear, sober prose, Smith merges policy, clinical science, and patient experience to analyze racism and psychiatry’s symbiotic relationship. Working against immense silences in the archive, Smith unearths the voices of Black patients and their advocates, providing vital insight into how they faced and resisted their confinements and treatments. Jim Crow in the Asylum is required reading for anyone interested in the histories of psychiatry, the South, and race.”—Jonathan Sadowsky, Case Western Reserve University

Review

“This is the best mixture of careful social history with an intellectual and theoretical approach to the history of racism and psychiatry that I have seen. The book will be a model for every historian—a must-read.”—Susan M. Reverby, author of Co-Conspirator for Justice: The Revolutionary Life of Dr. Alan Berkman

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