Fungi and Food Spoilage

Preface [- earlier prefaces your call].

1. Introduction

2. Ecology of Fungal Food Spoilage

2.1 Water activity

2.2 Hydrogen ion concentration

2.3 Temperature

2.4 Gas tension

2.5 Consistency

2.6 Nutrient status

2.7 Specific solute effects

2.8 Preservatives

2.9 Conclusions: food preservation

3. Naming and Classifying Fungi

3.1 Taxonomy and nomenclature: systematics

3.2 Hierarchical naming

3.3 Zygomycota

3.4 Ascomycota

3.5 Basidiomycota

3.6 One name – one fungus

3.7 Practical classification of fungi

4. Methods for Enumeration, Isolation and Identification

4.1 Sampling

4.2 Enumeration techniques

4.2.1 Direct plating

4.2.2 Dilution plating

4.2.3 Incubation conditions

4.3 Sampling surfaces

4.4 Air Sampling

4.5 Isolation techniques

4.5.1 Yeasts

4.5.2 Filamentous fungi

4.5.3 Slants

4.6 Choosing a suitable medium

4.6.1 General purpose enumeration media

4.6.2 Selective isolation media

4.6.3 Techniques for yeasts

4.6.4 Techniques for heat resistant fungi

4.6.5 Other plating techniques

4.7 Estimation of fungal biomass by chemical methods

4.7.1 Chitin

4.7.2 Ergosterol

4.8 Other methods for detecting or measuring fungal growth

4.8.1 Impedimetry and conductimetry

4.8.2 Fungal volatiles

4.8.3 Immunological techniques

4.9 Identification media and methods

4.9.1 Standard methodology

4.9.2 Plating regimen

4.9.3 Inoculation

4.9.4 Additional media and methods

4.9.5 Identification of Fusarium species

4.9.6 Yeasts

4.9.7 Molecular methods

4.10 Examination of cultures

4.10.1 Colony diameters

4.10.2 Colony characters

4.10.3 Preparation of wet mounts for microscopy

4.10.4 Staining

4.10.5 Microscopes and microscopy

4.11 Preservation of fungi

4.11.1 Lyophilisation

4.11.2 Other storage techniques

4.12 Housekeeping in the mycological laboratory

4.12.1 Culture mites

4.12.2 Problem fungi

4.12.3 Pathogens and laboratory safety

5. Primary Keys and Miscellaneous Fungi

5.1 The general key

5.1.1 Notes on the general key

5.2 Miscellaneous fungi

5.3 Genus Acremonium Link

5.4 Genus Alternaria Nees

5.5 Genus Arthrinium Kunze

5.6 Genus Aureobasidium Viala & G. Boyer

5.7 Genus Bipolaris Shoemaker

5.8 Genus Botrytis P. Micheli: Fr.

5.9 Genus Byssochlamys Westling

5.10 Genus Chaetomium Kunze and related genera

5.11 Genus Cladosporium Link

5.12 Genus Colletotrichum Corda

5.13 Genus Curvularia Boedijn

5.14 Genus Endomyces Reess

5.15 Genus Epicoccum Link

5.16 Genus Fusarium Link

5.17 Genus Galactomyces (E.E. Butler & L.J. Peterson) Redhead & Malloch

5.18 Genus Geosmithia Pitt

5.19 Genus Hyphopichia Arx &