Flesh Into Light

The Films of Amy Greenfield

By Robert A. Haller

Intellect Ltd

Copyright © 2012 Intellect Ltd
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-84150-488-9

Contents

Flesh Into Light: The Films of Amy Greenfield Robert A. Haller,
Preface,
Chapter 1: Beginnings,
Chapter 2: Planning and Discovery,
Chapter 3: Holograms and late 1970s,
Chapter 4: 1980s and Antigone,
Chapter 5: 1990s: Performance and the Cycles of Light,
Chapter 6: 2000s: The Body Songs,
Chapter 7: 8 Perspectives,
Appendix 1: Filmography of Amy Greenfield through 2009,
Appendix 2: Fragments: Mysterious Beginnings and Fragments: Mat/Glass and One O One,
Appendix 3: Raw-Edged Women and MUSEic of the Body,
Appendix 4: Six notions and a question about my work in video,
Appendix 5: The Clock Tower,
Appendix 6: Bibliography,
Appendix 7: Greenfield on Greenfield,

CHAPTER 1

Beginnings

In 1970 Amy Greenfield began to make motion pictures that were based on the unexplored potential of filmed images of the body in movement. She was convinced that dance on film as film had only rarely been made. As a dancer-choreographer in the 1960s, she had been recorded – filmed – in several projects, but knew that those films had none of the penetrating energy and ideas of her favorite film-makers – Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Jean Cocteau, Michael Powell, Stan Brakhage, Jonas Mekas, Gregory Markopoulos, and Kenneth Anger.

In 1995 (in an article for Film Comment) Greenfield recalled the lasting impact of seeing Michael Powell’s two films that are set in worlds inhabited by dancers:

The only time my mother took me to the movies as a small child was to see a double bill, The Red Shoes and The Tales of Hoffmann. Afterward I wanted to see The Red Shoes over and over, and so I also saw The Tales of Hoffmann repeatedly. All that stayed with me of the latter film was a feeling of chaos, darkness, mystery, in an unreal world I wished was real.

In six pages she analyzes The Tales of Hoffman at length. As she discusses the actress Pamela Brown’s performance, Greenfield speaks of both her own (Greenfield’s) and Powell’s vision – revealing the aesthetic posture they share.

In his memoirs Powell described the discovery that the male character Nicklaus – played by Pamela Brown – is actually a woman, and that her final appearance, with breasts bared and body painted gold, would be “an apotheosis.” Greenfield writes that this transformative moment was

the revelation of Brown’s body as art, a sensual yet otherworldly revelation of the power of art to transcend loss and death.

This declaration of the potential of the body as art (this sequence was precious to Powell but finally was not included in the finished film) can be applied to nearly every film made by Greenfield. Bodies – made into art through the selective medium of film – speak across time and to people across space and cultures. By filming movements that are known to and experienced by all of us Greenfield opens, in these acts of the body, windows on the ideas and emotions within us.

This archetypal imagery from the realm of spontaneous movement and informal gestures belongs to all of us. And they are distilled by the close-up, a basic tool for Greenfield, as is the compression of time (neither possible in the theatrical dance world). Overlooked movements, everyday moments, appear in her films. T. S. Eliot, in his “Four Quartets,” writes of something similar: “Not known because not looked for.”

Cinema’s affinity for movement had been rapidly recognized by early film-makers. But the frontier of expression, where the photographed images of cinema met with the physicality of dance, was almost never crossed by early choreographers or film directors.

Moving bodies, moving pictures

Ultimately, the most affecting dance is sensual, and about interior states. So is cinema. At this frontier Greenfield found her way with the camera into the world through the body. The director Robert Bresson, in words she did not know of until 2003, said something similar in 1965: that the film-maker should “get as close as possible, to penetrate things.”

To “get close” is something that we see in her first film, Encounter, and also in her later films. Greenfield wrote about this in a program note for her 1980 videotape 4 Solos for 4 Women. She wrote that

the daring of the dance for the camera is not in the daring of the leap. It is the complex close-up revelation of a human being. Our space in 4 Solos was the space of the lens, the drama of our relation to the camera.

For Greenfield the body, moving with, and against, the close-up camera, can be the concrete image of inner human nature, an instrument for its expression, and a vessel containing images and actions that crystalize the meaning and mysteries of experience: memory and movement, the past and the present moment.

Movement by the camera, movement of focus by the lens, movement by the performers before the lens, and external movement in the environment where her films are set – the visible effect of the wind, the swirl of water – all energize her films. Last is movement constructed on the editing table, where Greenfield organizes images (often rapidly) in ways that are kinetic, surprising, freighted with emotion.

An example: in Tides – and in other later films – she reverses the flow of time (and the movement of the ocean), but gives the spectator no immediate notice of this, leaving to the viewer both discovery and an enhanced visual experience.

At their conclusion her films impart a sense of ecstatic fulfillment – or death (but not defeat) – as they take us, with her protagonists, to or beyond physical limits.

From the beginning she has worked with film-makers who were concerned with what is cinematic and adventurous. Specifically Hilary Harris (1930–99), a pioneer of cinematic form in the 1960s, was a mentor and cameraman for Greenfield in the 1970s and 1980s. Richard Leacock (1921–2011), one of the founders of “cinema verite,” was also a mentor and cameraman for Greenfield in the 1970s and the 1980s. They were drawn to her projects by what Harris once told this writer were her “unorthodox” methods and images – and the freewheeling cinematic kinesthesia they allowed – things Harris and Leacock had both valued since the 1950s. Leacock said that doing camerawork for Greenfield brought back the joy he had experienced when he first used a movie camera.

Encounter (1970). Color, silent, 8 minutes

An explosion of sheer dynamic movement, Encounter is a vortex of struggling, desperate bodies.

This is the first film Greenfield directed and the first film she chose to place in distribution. It was not the first time she had appeared on film, but those earlier works were not formed by her, nor did they emerge from within her. Encounter is not the film of a performer but a director. In Encounter Greenfield engages with many of the themes and strategies that characterize her films over the next 3 decades.

Greenfield was a writer and poet before she became a film-maker. In 1968 she wrote an article that was published in the January 1969 issue of Filmmakers’ Newsletter. In “Dance As Film” she proposed to “take a step forward in developing dance into filmic dance” and agreed with Stan Brakhage “that a dance film in the sense of a dancer sensing movement as film hasn’t been made.” What was needed, she said, was that the dancer, his/herself, be aware of “the energy of human body motion interacting with camera motion … [and] the principles of non-chronological (non-physical) time in editing.”

As a declaration of intent – after she had performed in films photographed and edited by others, and before she had directed her first film, Encounter – these propositions are remarkable in so precisely describing her artistic agenda for at least the next 15 years.

Densely edited, rapidly flowing, Encounter is a challenge to describe. Here I will present a shot list of the first 45 seconds of the film to give a sense of the nature of this debut motion picture. It was filmed on Super 8mm – which helps to explain the very mobile camera. The film then was enlarged to 16mm (but it does not look like an enlargement).

1. title shot – “encounter”

2. title shot – “by amy greenfield”

3. image of a young woman in a paisley skirt, sitting on a stone bench; a slow zoom toward her; she sits with her head bowed, her face not visible.

4. title shot – “camera michel goldman”

5. title shot – “danced by amy greenfield and rima wolff”

6. black footage for a few seconds [at this point the shots discussed in the text begin]

7. a woman in a paisley dress is twisted/guided to screen right by a second woman in a paisley dress; this 16 second shot flows uninterrupted with the camera rising above and 9 following the turning figures who appear to be struggling.

8. a very tight close-up shot of paisley body fragments continuing the movements of shot # 7.

9. a stationary, 1-second shot of a paisley-dressed woman crouched at screen left, with a cryptic white rectangle in the center of the frame.

10. another shot, from a different angle, of short duration, of the movements in shot # 7.

11. a repeat of the nearly abstract action of shot # 8.

12. a paisley-dressed woman, with head bowed forward, at screen left.

13. a brief shot of the turning action of shot # 7

14. a shot of the feet of the turning woman.

15. a different abstract close-up, like shot # 8

16. a repeat of the movement in shot # 7, but very brief.

17. the limp figure of a paisley woman, her head obscured, with the camera circling to the right (it is ambiguous when watching this quick shot if the woman is cradled in the arms of the second).

18. a very fast, brief shot of the turning movement.

19. a half-second repeat of the movement in shot # 7.

20. a close-up of a paisley-dressed woman on the bench at screen right, seen from the waist down.

21. a quarter-second shot of a spinning paisley-dressed body.

22. a 2-second, somewhat abstract shot, of bands of paisley material, stretched horizontally across the film frame.

23. an overhead shot of a paisley-dressed woman on the stone bench, or lying on the floor with her legs propped up against the wall.

How does one read this 45-second stream of images? To begin, there is no conventional narrative. We are told in the credits that the film is “danced by” two women. But distinguishing between the two is all but impossible because of costume and camera angles. Their movements are all fragments of the turning movement in shot # 7, or stationary shots like # 9, where one can suspect that one of the two women is imagining or remembering all of the movement shots.

But if the dramatic meaning is ambiguous, the physical act(s) of the 45 seconds are precise. The two women turn to the right and the camera follows them, then rises above them. All three glide in separate, linked arcs.

The women turn/struggle/remember (?) again and again, very often in shots with a duration as brief as one-sixth of a second. Greenfield thrusts them across two kinds of space with great speed, whether it is some kind of daylit plaza, or a black void. These two kinds of space may imply two sets of perceptions, perhaps from each woman. Or two perceptions from one? The velocity of editing provokes such questions and restrains us from arriving at any definite answers.

As the film continues, the movements of the two women change. Instead of being centripetal (turning inward upon themselves), the two briefly appear to merge, and then separate, moving away from each other into different spaces. Rima Wolff (who can now be distinguished from Greenfield because the shots are longer in duration, and her face becomes visible) moves into a space with a white background, and Greenfield enters a black space. Greenfield also ventures closer to the camera, becoming not only a blur but several times seeming to become a flame that will escape the film frame. The “encounter” of the title has become a transformation.

Prior to the editing process Greenfield previewed raw footage in a public screening (including Greenfield’s friend Dustin Hoffman) where it provoked not only confusion but also the interest of Hilary Harris who had made Nine Variations on a Dance Theme four years earlier. Encounter was not at all like Nine Variations, but Harris felt that Greenfield was treating the kinetics of human motion in ways he had not seen before. He encouraged her to continue her project of moving two different women through the film together as if they were two sides of one sensibility. (In this first film Greenfield echoed what Maya Deren said she was doing in her first film Meshes of the Afternoon – a film “concerned with the interior experiences of an individual. It does not record an event that could be witnessed by other persons.”) At this time – 1969 – Greenfield had only seen Deren’s films once and was more aware of films by Brakhage and Gregory Markopoulos, and of the European art directors – Jean Cocteau, Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Carl Dreyer, Michael Powell.

Aware of how Greenfield was moving “forward” along the direction of Maya Deren, Deren’s mother gave Greenfield one of Maya’s bracelets, feeling that Greenfield’s aims were similar to her daughter’s. Robert Steele of Boston University and the archivist of Deren’s papers soon after said of Greenfield’s cinema, “You have put more thought in this domain than anyone since Maya Deren.”

For Encounter Harris had urged Greenfield to “simplify and to work with structure.” This suggestion has shaped all of her films and tapes. For Harris and Greenfield, the visual content of the images is clearly important, but equally important is how the images are arranged, paced, edited – how their serial appearance affects their reception by viewers.

In 1983, in an artist’s statement published in the Filmdance, 1890s–1983 catalog, she wrote about her intentions in her films from a slightly different angle,

I wasn’t interested in film space and time in and of themselves, but as a means to create metaphors for inner human states.

In her subsequent films (and videotapes and holograms) Greenfield continues to provoke our response as spectators, but just as important, there is a tighter focus on a single body with whom we can more readily identify. Over the next decade this single body – Greenfield’s own – will undergo different tests of endurance – or ordeals – which are as laden with significance as they are visceral to observe.

In this first film Greenfield chose to foreground the images not as illusions that replicate the “real” world but as images that would call attention to their cinematic character. These choices were based on her prior experience.

In the two years before she made Encounter she had appeared in two films photographed and edited by others. Image to Remind Me was a film document that she commissioned as a record of a piece of her live dance choreography. This document was assembled with match cuts and always presented her full body, head to foot, clad in a leotard.

The second film she had appeared in was very different. Raga Doll was made in 1968 or 1969, with direction by Maurice Amar. Amar had advertised looking for a dancer who would be filmed nude save for some body paint. Greenfield answered the ad, was told that she should dance “wildly.” Amar filmed her with many close-up shots, without setting any importance on continuity. For Greenfield it was an instructive experience. She did not enjoy being just a performer, nor did she feel that Amar had captured what she felt while dancing. What she gained from the experience was a determination that she should make all of the artistic choices open to a film-maker, to use a “freedom from formal dance (the wildness), and grasping how the camera can abstract the moving body.” Encounter was the first product of that decision. Transport and Dirt would come next.

In 1971 Greenfield was commissioned by the “Poetry On Film” project to direct movie sequences that could be used to illustrate modern poetry. The resulting film was not something she shaped; others edited it (but in the style she had used in Encounter) and added Anne Sexton’s words (from her poem “For God While Sleeping”) into the completed film For God While Sleeping. (Sexton was especially important to Greenfield because years before she took up film-making, Greenfield had done independent study with Sexton, both in high school and at Harvard. She knew Sexton’s words would be on the soundtrack.) But though she did not edit the film, making and appearing in it did enable Greenfield to explore imagery that coincided with her own interests, particularly images of lifting, and of being dragged across rough ground, and then borne upward in a ceremonial action.

After the shooting part of the project was completed Greenfield successfully negotiated for a duplicate of the footage she had directed, and from that material made two films.

Dirt (1971). Color, sound, 3 minutes

This film is so brief, and conceptually focused, that it looks like a cry of sustained pain. After a long credit sequence there are barely 2 minutes of actual photography. In those 2 minutes Greenfield appears as the only fully seen figure. Initially we see her being carried just above ground level, with only the hands and legs of the men who are lifting her visible. After a few shots this action changes to her being pulled by her ankles. Greenfield is dragged across broken ground, all the while being photographed by a tracking, traveling camera (by Sandy D’Annunzio). The brutality of this second and last sequence is hard to convey. Greenfield is kicking and struggling without interruption, rolling from one side to the other, appearing terribly vulnerable. The cutting is rapid and often close-up, magnifying the thrashing movements. One is reminded – as intended – of the movements made by Vietnam War protestors being hauled into police vans against their will in the 1960s. (Actually the film was shot on a construction lot at Harvard on a site for a canceled NASA building.)

(Continues…)Excerpted from Flesh Into Light by Robert A. Haller. Copyright © 2012 Intellect Ltd. Excerpted by permission of Intellect Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.