ECTO-NOX Proteins: Growth, Cancer, and Aging 2013th Edition

“ENOX Proteins” documents a unique family of cell surface proteins which are the exclusive discovery (subsequently confirmed by others) of the authors, their students and their colleagues. An ENOX-based mechanism is provided for how cells increase in size that is both unique and applicable not only to cancer and cancer therapy but also to production agriculture and biomass increase. The role of ENOX proteins in biological time-keeping is described along with evidence for oscillations in the ratios of electron spin pairs defining ortho and para water states that form highly coordinated populations of coherent water of interest to physicists as the underlying mechanism. The age-related NADH oxidases that appear around age 30 and increase steadily thereafter with potentially causal involvements in atherogenesis and skin aging have been identified as five members of the TM-9 protein superfamily of all with different chromosomal locations. The arNOX proteins initially are membrane anchored but functionally-active N-terminal fragments that are shed into body fluids. Except for critical functional motifs, all of the ENOX protein family members have distinct protein sequences and chromosomal origins. A fourth member of the ENOX protein family occurs in plants as the primary target for both natural and synthetic growth hormone (auxin)-stimulated rapid cell enlargement. Despite masquerading as intractable and difficult to clone and characterize, ENOX proteins offer remarkable opportunities for research, commercial development and outside confirmation of new paradigms to help explain complex biological processes.