The Black-White Achievement Gap: Why Closing It Is the Greatest Civil Rights Issue of Our Time

*Starred Review* Closing the achievement gap between black and white students on standardized tests would go a long way toward achieving true civil rights, declares former education secretary Paige and his coauthor, educator (and sister) Witty. Citing a wealth of statistics and their own personal experiences, the authors make the case that the gap is real but malleable, and has real-life consequences in everything from income to insurance coverage to the likelihood of incarceration. Detailing historical factors, including slavery and race discrimination, the authors argue that low expectations of black students and negligence on the part of black leaders to this pressing issue are to blame for the dismal achievement gap. They highlight schools that have been able to close the gap, educating black students of low-income families and sending them on to college. They also dissect the political and sociological arguments behind the gap and criticize the African American leadership culture—meaning liberal ideology—that has failed to come to grips with the underlying reasons for the gap and to offer real solutions. Paige and Witty do offer real and practical solutions on every level from individual to organizational in a call to arms to address the issue at the last frontier in the civil-rights struggle. This is a passionate, well-researched look at a troubling—but solvable—social problem. –Vanessa Bush

The African American journey from slavery to racial equality and social justice in America has been, and continues to be, a long and arduous struggle. No barrier whether embedded in law, rooted in social or economic custom, or enforced by racial terror has ever been able to hold firm against the powerful and unwavering commitment of a determined, authentic black leadership. Yet there now exists an obstruction more subtle than past oppres­sions and one that threatens to impede any future progress.

On almost every measure of academic performance be it the SAT, ACT, or state-mandated examinations African American student performance trails, by large margins, that of their white peers. In our public schools the average African American twelfth grader s performance approximates that of the average white eighth grader. Not only do black students lag behind their white peers on academic tests, they also experience much higher college drop­out rates and tend to shy away from majoring in mathematics and the hard sciences. And while this achievement gap was first identified long ago and has since been the subject of countless studies and surveys, little public outcry has erupted and no truly concerted effort has been made to combat it.

Unlike segregation, slavery, and discrimination, all of which were imposed intentionally by a racist society, no one is forcing this barrier to exist yet it persists. And it has become the greatest civil rights issue of our time.

In The Black White Achievement Gap, renowned former U.S. Secretary of Education Rod Paige and Elaine Witty provide a wake-up call to black leaders and communities, urging the kind of action that is essential if this blight on African American achievement is ever to be defeated. They trace the history of the achievement gap, discuss its relevance to racial equality and social justice, examine popular explanations, and offer strong suggestions for the type of committed leadership and community involvement that are needed to close it.

Is the achievement gap the fault of the educational system, and of schools themselves? Is a lack of drive and ambition on the part of African American students to blame? Does the gap result from unstable families and poor parenting skills? Or is it a consequence of heredity or environment? Some would argue that the cause of this academic disparity lies in poor choices of role models and negative peer pressure the notion that diligent study is a way of acting white. Other factors confusing the issue are high levels of teen pregnancies, drugs, and crime in the black community.

One thing is certain. The achievement gap that now exists between black and white students has consequences both dramatic and far-reaching. It strengthens the stereotype that blacks are inferior. It slows down the accumulation of African American wealth. And it ultimately leads to more African Americans without health insurance, in prison, and dying early.

The Black White Achievement Gap convincingly argues that closing this gap would do more to advance African Americans toward long-sought-after goals of racial equality and social justice in America than any other civil rights strategy available today. The time for complacency is over, and an era of accountability on the part of leaders, families, and communities must begin. This book is a rallying cry for every American eager to bridge the gap of inequality and move this country forward.

Rod Paige was the U.S. Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. He was Dean of the College of Education at Texas Southern U